why did jesus change levi to matthew
Gospel According to Matthew | Description, History, & Facts For example, the Valentinian theologian Heracleon differentiated Levi from Matthew (cf. [23] Krzinger, Papias, 24, 3342; cf. T/F, 3. Jesus speaking or understanding Greek is the least controversial of the three. People had to pay taxes to the *Romans. It is touching that Matthew, gift of Yahweh loved his new name, probably given to him by Jesus. In many Western Christian traditions, there are 12 days of Christmas, culminating around . Why Thomas Jefferson Rewrote the Bible Without Jesus - HISTORY Unlike the modern deductions about Matthews level of literacy, Papias did not presuppose Matthews facility in Greek. 3.2-3), but failed to place them in a rhetorically effective arrangement (taxis), whereas Matthew arranged (sunetaxato) the oracles (logia) in a Hebrew style.[21] That is, they surmise that Matthew applied Jewish exegetical techniques and forms of argumentation to the material at his disposal to shape it into a cogent presentation about how Jesus fulfilled the Scriptures. The reason for Papiass error may simply be that he made the natural assumption that a Galilean Apostle would be writing primarily in Aramaic. Vir. A minority view during the Patristic period was that Levi and Matthew were separate individuals. 5.10.3; Clement, in h.e. In the Christian Bible, he was cited as one of the Jesus' apostles. There is no indication that Matthew wrote anything (contra John 21:24; Moreover, Matthew hardly features more as a character in the narrative than in the other two Synoptic Gospels to be the key source of the Matthean traditions. Jesus sent out 70 Disciples to preach His Good News. [10] Even so, most readers of the New Testament throughout history have taken the identification of Levi with Matthew for granted. There is no evidence that any of the Patristic authorities made any inferences about Matthews proficiency in Greek or level of education in rhetorical composition based on Matthews former occupation alone. 29.9.4; 30.3.7; 30.13.2; 30.14.3) and Jerome (Epist. Tax collectors at that time were known as dishonest and corrupt people. 1. T/F, 4. High priest Aaron and his sons were descendants of Levi (Exodus 4:14), Levi being a son of Jacob (Genesis 29:34). Marys Perpetual Virginity & Jesus Brothers, Why Pollen on the Shroud of Turin Proves it is Real, Christian Inscriptions in Roman Catacombs, Eruption Of Mt. [43] Daniel A. Bertrand, Lvangile des Ebionites: une harmonie vangelique antrieur au Diatessaron NTS 26 (1980): 54863; Vielhauer and Strecker, Jewish Christian Gospels, 16671; Klijn, Gospel Tradition, 28-30; Klauck, Apocryphal Gospels, 5154; Luomanen, Jewish-Christian Sects, 3738; 83, 25152; Frey, Die Fragmente des Ebioniterevangeliums, 60722; Kok, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 43; Gregory, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 10, 171261. Some Patristic interpreters guessed that the evangelists Mark and Luke called Matthew by his less popular name Levi out of deference for his apostolic status, while Matthew himself had the humility to confess that he was once employed in a disreputable profession under his better-known name (e.g., John Chrysostom, hom. The fishermen who followed Jesus, and some became His Apostles, had to pay taxes on fishing licenses and perhaps on their daily catch. [20], Krzinger and Gundry re-read the Papian fragment through the lens of rhetorical categories. How Did Jesus Spend the Last Week of His Life? But let's hear Matthew's own account of his calling: 1/27/2013 09:47:39 pm. Mark 2:15 While Jesus was dining at Levi's house, many tax collectors Francis Watson, Gospel Writing: A Canonical Perspective (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2013), 126. [1] For the range of theories accounting for the redactional changes in Matthew 9:9 and 10:3, see the helpful summaries compiled by Joachim Gnilka, Das Matthusevangelium, HTKNT (Freiburg: Herder, 1986), 1.330-31; W. D. Davies and Dale C. Allison, The Gospel According to Matthew: Matthew VIIIXVIII, ICC (London and New York: T&T Clark, 2006), 2.9899; cf. December 29, 2020 7:00 AM EST. Who translated it after that in Greek is not sufficiently ascertained. summer | 4.2K views, 92 likes, 102 loves, 53 comments, 67 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from The Ramp: His presence is here, worship with us at Summer. There are many examples of irresistible grace in God's Word. Jerome may have anticipated that he would track down the Gospel according to the Hebrews in Pamphilus library in Caesarea (cf. Therefore, commentators often appeal to Matthew 9:9 and 10:3 as evidence that the Apostle Matthew was capable of composing either the Greek text of the first canonical Gospel or one of the literary sources incorporated into it. Wilhelm Schneemelcher, trans. Josef Krzinger and Robert Gundry have tried to line up Papiass testimony with the academic consensus. Epiphanius added to the confusion when he imagined that the Gospel that he managed to get a hold of, which skips over the virgin birth and commences at Jesuss baptism (Pan. Scripture both prohibits and mocks astrology (Jer. Even if this guy gets over the fact that I'm a tax collector, how could he ever be interested in me? In both instances, certain copyists of Marks Gospel were unaware of the conflation of Levi with Matthew in Matthew 9:9 and 10:3, yet still turned the character in Mark 2:14 into an apostle. All the names for our week days come from Roman and Norse/Anglo-Saxon gods. [9] Lindars, Western Text,222; cf. At the same time, opposition against Jesus was growing stronger, especially from the religious . had his name changed from Levi to Matthew likely by Jesus Himself who changed Simons name to Peter.(Matt. Moreover, the Hebrew itself is preserved to this day in the library at Caesarea, which the martyr Pamphilus so diligently collected. For objections against this view, see Meier, The Vision of Matthew, 25n.26; Luz, Matthew 820, 32. Jesus sent out 70 Disciples to preach His Good News. Born in Palestine sometime in the 1st century, Saint Matthew was one of Jesus's 12 apostles and also one of the four Evangelists, according to the Bible. [29] Thus, some scholars who otherwise defend the traditional authorship of Matthews Gospel admit that Papias erred in his belief about the original language in which it was written. Band: Evangelien und Verwandtes. Matthew is spoken of five times in the New Testament; first in Matt., ix, 9, when called by Jesus to follow Him, and then four times in the list of the Apostles, where he is mentioned in the seventh (Luke, vi, 15, and Mark, iii, 18), and again in the eighth place (Matt., x, 3, and Acts, i, 13). David: So, Matthew was one of Christ's disciples. His presence is here, worship with us at Summer Ramp now - facebook.com Why does St. Matthew have two names in the Bible? - Aleteia [6] Tal Ilan, Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Part I: Palestine 330 BCE 200 CE, TSAJ 91 (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2002). What Language Did Jesus Speak? - Gateway Center for Israel Phil. Jesus And Levi (The Tax Collector) | Northstar Church ill. 3; Tract. He left Judea and carried the Gospel to Ethiopia where he was martyred while celebrating a mass at the altar of a small church he had started. Among these repetitions are: variations of Mattathias (five times), Jesus (twice), Joseph (three times), Simeon (Semein), Levi (twice), and Melchi (twice). Change the way you think and act, and believe (trust in, rely on, and adhere to) this Good News. He was included as one of the Evangelists according to the Christian tradition. [13] Moreover, Matthew hardly features more as a character in the narrative than in the other two Synoptic Gospels to be the key source of the Matthean traditions. Why Did Jesus Say, "On This Rock I Will Build My Church"? (Matthew 16) "And Peter was the chief . The Calling of St. Matthew, by Vittore Carpaccio, 1502. Supported by: 20.5; Vir. Jesus Said, "Follow Me" - FaithGateway Store [5] Mounce, Matthew, 83; France, Evangelist and Teacher, 69, 69n.54; Morris, Matthew, 219; Robert H. Gundry, Matthew: A Commentary on his Handbook for a Mixed Church Under Persecution, 2nd ed. The Greek language became the international language through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 330 BCE. Teilband 1, ed. Matthew, of course. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Matthew - New Advent 3.39.17. Therefore, commentators often appeal to Matthew 9:9 and 10:3 as evidence that the Apostle Matthew was capable of composing either the Greek text of the first canonical Gospel or one of the literary sources incorporated into it. The account in the three Synoptics is identical, the vocation of Matthew-Levi being alluded to in the same terms. Whatever the case, Jerome slowly distanced himself from his earlier confident declarations that the Nazarenes had the original Matthean Gospel in their possession (cf. He followed Jesus to his death. It's unclear why Matthew/Levi was called by both names. There were only 8 people in Noahs Ark. 6:25 (300s AD). Levi meaning joined and the name Matthew meaning gift of Yahweh.. The other Eleven were ordinary men. Tax collectors were not very respected people in Jesus' time because many of them stole from the people. For the theory that Matthew was either the founder of a putative Matthean community or the source of their traditions, see Pesch, Levi-Matthus, 56; Gundry. 3 Whatever their character, the line between astrology and astronomy was thin, if only because stargazing was respectable. Q. Alternatively, the textual variant that has James instead of Levi as the son of Alphaeus in Mark 2:14 in a handful of manuscripts was plausibly motivated by a desire for uniformity by having a single son of Alphaeus (cf. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Who Wrote the Gospels, and How Do We Know for Sure? - Zondervan Academic You're right Zahid, the author of Matthew was a tax collector. All the names for our week days come from Roman and Norse/Anglo-Saxon gods. New Testament Survey Unit 2 Quiz 1 Study Guide Flashcards Even so, most readers of the New Testament throughout history have taken the identification of Levi with Matthew for granted. Calling of St. Matthew by Alexandre Bida, 1875. [5] On the other hand, after scrutinizing the onomastic data compiled by Tal Ilan,[6] Richard Bauckham makes it clear why these examples may be irrelevant to this case: "[I]f Matthew and Levi were the same person, we should be confronted with the virtually unparalleled phenomenon of a Palestinian Jew bearing two common Semitic personal names (Matthew: ninth most popular, 62 occurrences; Levi: seventeenth most popular, 25 occurrences). [34] The double tradition is mostly comprised of sayings, but there are a couple of narratives (e.g., Matt 4:111/Luke 4:113; Matt 8:513/Luke 7:110). Matthew (also known as Levi in the Gospels of Luke and Mark) was a Jewish tax collector, or publican, living in Capernaum. [17] Additionally, specialists on the Synoptic Problem generally hold that Matthews Gospel reproduced over 90 percent of Marks content, improved Marks grammar and style, and edited out Marks transliterated Aramaic terms. in Mt. Christoph Markschies und Jens Schrter (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck 2012), 62354. F. C. Burkitt, Levi Son of Alphaeus JTS 28 (1927): 27374; Metzger, Textual Commentary, 78; Brent Nongbri, Matthew and Levi. Benjamin Bacon (Studies in Matthew [New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1930], 3940) conjectures that the textual variant in Mark 2:14 predated the composition of Matthews Gospel, leading a pre-Matthean scribe who was transmitting a list of the Twelve that was originally independent of Mark 3:1619 to preface the name James the son of Alphaeus with the title the toll collector. The author of Matthews Gospel, however, copied this list in Matthew 10:24 and wrongly took this scribal insertion in reference to Matthew since James was immediately preceded by Matthew in the list of names. He called us when all we had was need. He was one of the earlier followers of Jesus Christ. Because Levi's occupation was one that earned distrust and contempt everywhere, the scribes of the Pharisees criticized Jesus on seeing him eat with tax collectors and sinners, whereupon Jesus answered, "I came not to call the righteous, but sinners" (Mark 2:15-17). It was to that man, the most despised of the despicable, to whom Jesus said, "Follow Me!" Matthew authored the first Gospel of the . It would be psychologically impossible that such a man as Matthew, trained and experienced in writing records and reports he was a Roman official and such work was requisite for him since it went with the job would not have recorded things Jesus said. [46] Other scholars suspect that the Nazarenes only supplied Jerome with their own translations and commentary on Matthews Gospel. J.E. [47] Whatever the case, Jerome slowly distanced himself from his earlier confident declarations that the Nazarenes had the original Matthean Gospel in their possession (cf. Thom. Say, Jesus saw Levi and knew that Levi and the other tax collectors needed to know the good news. [37], The final option is that a non-extant Jewish Gospel stands behind Papiass reference to Matthews oracles or, at least, the New Testament Gospel that bears the name Matthew was mixed up with a Jewish Gospel circulating in Papiass milieu. Because Matthews original purpose was to prove to his Jewish brethren that Jesus is their Mashiach/Messiah, he included in his Gospel nine proof texts from the Old Testament which Jesus fulfilledMatthew 1:22,23; 2:15; 2:17,18; 2:23; 4:14-16; 8:17; 12:17-21; 13:35; 27:9,10. St. Matthew the Apostle He Left His Post to Follow Jesus - NCR The Apostles: Impetuous Peter overcame mistakes to become leader [35] This leads Dennis MacDonald to maintain that Papiass supposition about the multiple translations of Matthews oracles was an explanation for the dissimilar Greek texts of Q and Matthew. [42] Luomanen, Jewish-Christian Sects, 21, 123; Frey, Die Fragmente des Ebionerevangeliums in Antike christliche Apokryphen in deutscher bersetzung. This is not a solitary occurrence within Matthews Gospel: the evangelist inserted the mother of the sons of Zebedee into one pericope (Matt 20:20; cf. He is mentioned in Matthew 9:9. [38] There are a number of Patristic and Medieval quotations that purportedly derive from a text that was commonly dubbed as the Gospel according to the Hebrews. Outside the New Testament, a statement of importance about him is the passage from the Apostolic Father Papias of Hierapolis preserved by Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea: So then Matthew composed the Oracles in the Hebrew language, and each one interpreted them as he could. The Gospel According to Matthew was certainly written for a Jewish-Christian church in a strongly Jewish environment, but that this Matthew is definitely the Synoptic author is seriously doubted. And he got up and followed him. Luz, Matthew 17, 80. The fact that three of the four Gospels recount the calling by Jesus of the tax collector Levi is important. But go and learn what this means: I desire mercy, not sacrifice. For I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners. Matthew 9:9-13, Matthew is the ONLY one of the Gospel writers who uses his changed name from Levi to Matthew. [19] Yet our access to Papias is mediated through Eusebius, so it is uncertain whether Eusebius interrupted an interconnected statement about both evangelists or juxtaposed two separate excerpts from Papias together. Jesus invited Matthew (Levi) to follow him (Lk 5:27-32). News and Interpretations on the Bible and Ancient Near East History. Levi's work was to take the money. Matthew was an accurate counter. But the Pharisees and the teachers of the law who belonged to their sect complained to his disciples, Why do you eat and drink with tax collectors and sinners? Jesus answered them, It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick.I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. Luke 5:27-32. "Follow me," he said to him. Christian Soldiers in the Ancient Roman Army, Destruction of Jerusalem, c. 586 BCEyewitness Account, Assassination of Julius CaesarAncient Accounts, Claudia ActeNeros Mistress, Secret Christian, Emperor Tiberius & The Resurrection Of Jesus, Plinys Letter To Trajan About Christians, Ancient TechnologyThe Antikythera Mechanism, The Lycurgus CupNanotechnology in Ancient Rome, Monte TestaccioAncient Romes Garbage Dump, Metal Detector FindRoman Coins & Lost Emperor of Britain, Stirring of Water in the Pool of Bethesda. Indeed, Levi is Israel's priestly tribe, as stated in the Bible: "The priests the Levites the priests the Levites the priests the Levites" (Deuteronomy 17:9, 17:18, 18:1). [45] Luomanen, Jewish-Christian Sects, 100101; Kok, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 41; Gregory, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 47, 47n.28. Many people were surprised when Jesus sat down to eat with Levi, but they learned that Jesus' message of salvation is for everyone. [41], Papiass notice that Matthew addressed a Palestinian Jewish audience in their own vernacular language (i.e., Aramaic) was repeated in subsequent Patristic literature (e.g., Irenaeus, haer. But Levis guests were of his social ilksinners and other tax collectors.The Pharisees (we get our word pharisaical meaning self-righteous; hypocritical from this sect in ancient Judaism) were always watching whatever Jesus did and said and they followed him to Levis house and were appalled to see Him eating and talking with tax collectors and sinners.Several of Jesus other disciples were near. This makes it doubtful that Matthew 9:9 was intended as either the evangelists self-reference or as a pseudonymous literary device supplementing the ascription of this Gospel to Matthew. [26], Krzingers and Gundrys proposals have varying degrees of persuasiveness, but most scholars have not been swayed by their contention that Papiass words on Matthew have been misread through the centuries. Even Jesus acknowledges the hatred people had for tax collectors: " If they refuse to listen even to the church, treat them as you would a pagan or a tax collector" (Matthew 18:17). ill. 2), but several of his quotations were lifted from previous Greek texts penned by figures such as Ignatius (cf. Matthew (Levi) who wrote the first of the Gospels did write it in the Hebrew tongue which at that time was Aramaic. Then Levi held a great banquet for Jesus at his house, and a large crowd of tax collectors and others were eating with them. H. Gundry, 291. H. Gundry, 287291; James R. Edwards, The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 35; Shanks, Papias, 12529, 195; Bauckham, Eyewitnesses, 214. The Testimonium Flavianum Question (My Two Cents), The Bible is Accurate Manuscript Evidence, Sayings From the Bible in the 21st Century, Colors & Dyes For Clothing in Ancient Rome, Thanksgiving: First Foods, First Friends1620, Ancient Ossuaries Uncover Biblical Truths. He was thirty-one years old and married and had four children. There is a lot of controversy in recent centuries about that subject. Levi - Wikipedia But Pilate replied, I imagine, "What happens in Jerusalem, stays in . See W. F. Albright and C. S. Mann, Matthew, AB (Doubleday: New York, 1971), CLXXVIII. Fellow citizens considered him a social outcast who was a traitor to their nation. Facts about Matthew the Apostle give the readers a hint about Levi or Saint Matthew. Why is Matthew called Levi? Why did Luke trace Jesus' genealogy through David's son - Vridar As a tax collector, Matthew . Matthew 9:9-13 begins with Jesus calling Matthew, a tax collector, to follow Him as His disciple. Matthew, who is also Levi, and who from a publican came to be an apostle, first of all composed a Gospel of Christ in Judaea in the Hebrew language and characters for the benefit of those of the circumcision who had believed. prol.) The task of the present article is to explain these two variations in . There were 12 men chosen to be disciples of Jesus Christ. Why is Matthew also called Levi? - Quora Beth: And it's in a chapel with two other paintings by Caravaggio all about Matthew. There is no indication that Matthew wrote anything (contra John 21:24; Gos. 16.13). In Matthew 4:18-21, he tells them he will make them "fishers of men.". However, most scholars think that the tax collector Levi (not Zacchaeus) and Matthew were the same person based on these three verses: - Matthew 9:9 - "And as Jesus passed on from there, He saw a man, called Matthew, sitting in the tax office; and He *said to . 12.13; Is. Warren Carter underscores how Papiass erroneous supposition served to underline the antiquity of this gospel and link it to the apostles.. 29.7.4). [36] Dennis MacDonald, Two Shipwrecked Gospels: The Logoi of Jesus and Papiasss Exposition of Logia about the Lord (Atlanta: SBL, 2012), 15. [8] Alternatively, the textual variant that has James instead of Levi as the son of Alphaeus in Mark 2:14 in a handful of manuscripts was plausibly motivated by a desire for uniformity by having a single son of Alphaeus (cf. How can Jesus Christ be a priest if He is of the non-priestly tribe of He was a tax collector who was sitting at his booth. Why 'Matthew' in Matt 9,9-13? - JSTOR 3.25.5; cf. Klijn (Gospel Tradition, 11, 119) and Frey (Die Fragmente des Hebrerevangeliums, 606) treat Eusebiuss attribution of this tale to the Gospel According to the Hebrews as spurious since Eusebius may have had no firsthand knowledge of the text. Zavada, Jack. Soon, Jesus and His disciples are having dinner in . Curiously, Origen answered the philosopher Celsuss criticism that Jesus assembled a motley crew of toll collectors and sailors by stressing that Matthew was the sole toll collector within the apostolic circle and that Levi was not numbered among the twelve apostles except for in select manuscripts of Marks Gospel (Cels. Ancient and modern scholars have been perplexed by the fact that the name of the toll collector in Matthew 9:9 differs from its synoptic counterparts. [8] See Barnabas Lindars, Matthew, Levi, Lebbaeus and the Value of the Western TextNTS 4 (1957-58): 220-22; Bruce Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 3rd ed., (London: New York, 1975), 26, 81; Brent Nongbri, Matthew and Levi (and James), Variant Readings (blog), May 21, 2018, https://brentnongbri.com/2018/05/21/matthew-and-levi-and-james/. By Michael J. Kok 1.9.9). Meier, The Vision of Matthew, 24; Luz, Matthew 820, 32, 32n.14. What created confusion was that Irenaeus reported that Jewish Christ followers who were called Ebionites or poor ones had a special affinity for Matthews Gospel, just as Marcion was inclined toward Lukes Gospel and Valentinus toward Johns Gospel (haer. Matthew or Levi? Which was the name of the taxman | carm.org To follow Jesus requires renouncement. [21] Krzinger, Papias, 1214, 2122, 5256; Gundry, Matthew, xxixxii, 61820; idem, Pre-Papian Tradition, 6364, 6768. [2] B. [18] B. C. Butler, The Originality of St Matthew: A Critique of the Two-Document Hypothesis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), 16566; Albright and Mann, Matthew, XXXVIXLVIII; Powers, Progressive Publication, 4749. 135; Matt. But lets hear Matthews own account of his calling: As Jesus went on from there, he saw a man named Matthew sitting at the tax collectors booth. Friedrich Schleiermacher, ber die Zeugnisse des Papias von unsern beiden ersten Evangelien, TSK 5 (1832): 73568; Manson, For the general consensus of Q scholars, see Nigel Turner, Q in Recent Thought, Daniel A. Bertrand, Lvangile des Ebionites: une harmonie vangelique antrieur au. Pan. Matthew, the Apostle of Yahshua (Popularly known as Jesus Christ) is best known as the publican or tax collector. The "Strange" Ending of the Gospel of Mark and Why It Makes All the with Q or M may depend on a given scholars acceptance or not of the Four Source theory as classically formulated. Who Was Matthias in the Bible and Why Did He Replace Judas? Jesus Chooses the Twelve Apostles (Lk 6:12-26) - UBF I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners. Mark 2:13-17. This is a depiction of a moment of spiritual awakening and conversion, which was something many Baroque artists were interested in painting, especially Caravaggio. Follow me, he told him, and Matthew got up and followed him. had his name changed from Levi to Matthew likely by Jesus Himself who changed Simon's name to Peter. Jefferson himself believed that a person's religion was between them and their god. Perhaps most plain is the calling of the disciple Matthew, also known as Levi the tax collector.
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why did jesus change levi to matthew