descriptive representation pros and cons
With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). Hernes, H., & Skjeie, H. (1997). 7. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. Register or login to make commenting easier. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. What are the pros and cons of descriptive research? Advantages of Descriptive Research. Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. Nothing bores me faster than description.. The simplest example of this point, which is critical for an understanding of how languages function as representational systems, is the famous traffic lights example. The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Mutfak Gnlkleri Sibel'in Mutfa Ana Sayfa; Hakkmda; Bana Ulan; descriptive representation pros and cons. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. Descriptive statistics is a form of analysis that helps you by describing, summarizing, or showing data in a meaningful way. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. Goodin, R. 2004. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as Required fields are marked *. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. 2. This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 5169. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. I was taught to never judge someone by how they look but upon their actions. Holst, C. (2014). The Pros And Cons Of Labor. While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. (2005). Justice and the politics of difference. That's pretty straightforward. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). (1999). 9. Towards a European union gender equality index. Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. Sawer, M. (2002). The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. The concept of representation. While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. Pros. In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. The pros and cons of descriptive research analysis. Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. (pp. We may share your site usage data with our social media, advertising, and analytics partners for these reasons. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. However, what good representation should be is debated. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. Sometimes you can add a subwoofer, depending on the model. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Swain, C. M. (1993). Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. By making the decision-making process more . Many advances in womens rights have been the result of womens greater engagement in politics and representation in the halls of government, especially since the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966 and the National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1971. Some of the most important are listed below. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Sound Bar vs. Surround Sound - Pros and cons - Descriptive Audio Despite of this diversity the American communities have been marginalized since forever. Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. University of Neuchtel. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Comparative Analysis: Information can be compared in terms of graphical representation. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. Fraser, N. (2003). (1982). For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). 1938). Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? Fleurbaey, M. (1995). Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. The affirmative action controversy. Collecting the data from different different organizations in the specific forms of data collection. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. The procedures involved with experimental research make it possible to isolate specific variables within virtually any topic. Lexington: D. C. Heath. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a Applicable. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. Growing up, racial profiling was never a big deal to me or my family. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. In B. Grofman et al. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Typically, multiple representation involves the buyer and seller. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. 3. The institutional basis of democratic accountability. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description - Helping Writers Become Authors ), Women, politics, and change (pp. ), Has liberalism failed women? Highlight the major advantages and disadvantages of the product, process, strategy, idea, etc. Cornell, D. (1998). This essay will proceed as follows. They also have some other benefits over traditional headphones. Young, I. M. (1994). Predictive analytics determines the potential outcomes of present and past actions and trends. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. Roemer, J. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Ethnic Heterogeneity Ethnic Heterogeneity also known as ethnic diversity is another variable associated with social disorganization theory that I consider to be one of the. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. While this is an enormous step, indicative of progression, corrupt politicians many times can use such incentives to implement manipulative and unscrupulous tactics to gain support from minority groups. Descriptive vs Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics | Key Differences The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. This photo shows the founding members of the Congressional Black Caucus, which at the time of its founding in 1971 had only thirteen members. States of democracy: A gender perspective. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. London: Sage. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics: Key Differences Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). (1996). It may not be until one is pursing their final years of high school, or perhaps even in college when they are aware of Americas history of possessing a highly restrictive political system. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . A theory of justice. Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. Disadvantages of proportional representation. Crenshaw, K. (1991). 1. - 136.243.94.45. Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policy-making. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. Representative democracy is a form of government in which the people elect officials to create laws and policy on their behalf. This helps to avoid wastage of time. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. . For example, you work for a television station and want to understand your viewers better. The closest comparative system would be the representative republic, such as used in the United States. In todays world, these injustices still remain an issue and arguably have become worst. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) Young, I. M. (2000). There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. This process allows you to understand that specific set of observations. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Horizontal Communication The Legitimacy of Representation: How Descriptive, Formal, and New York: Colombia University Press. Thirdly, results of this research can change over the period of time. Hernes, H. (1987). I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. (1993) have developed a system consisting of a propositional and depictorial partonomy (organization of parts) for reasoning, where the depictorial partonomy reflects the hierarchy proposed in representations for visual processes. Proportional Representation It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Study designs Centre for Evidence-Based - University of Oxford Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. Advantage. In S. Besson & J. S. Mart (Eds. Social representation. Cambridge: Polity Press. The Effects of Descriptive Representation on Interpersonal Relations. Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. $\endgroup . Toggle navigation. nicknames with honey in them; westminster college wrestling; how do cat cafes pass health inspections; arcadia edu audio tour; karns supermarket weekly ads The Pros and Cons of Pros-and-Cons Lists - Harvard Business Review Bicameral Legislature Pros and Cons List | NYLN.org Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. Pros and Cons of Data Visualization Explained | WisdomPlexus New York: Oxford University Press. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. 12 Proportional Representation Pros and Cons - Vittana.org Descriptive Representation, Legislative Leadership, and Direct - JSTOR Your email address will not be published. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). It is an Efficient Form of Government. Towards a European union gender equality index. 2. representation in the U.S. House of Representatives Advantages of Proportional Representation The main advantage of PR is that it makes sure that all the views of the public are represented. 3. European Sociological Review, 20(1), 111. Inspection; Surface Mount; Test; Through-Hole; Menu Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. Signs, 19(3), 630657. Barry, B. This article will briefly describe each of these methods, their advantages, and their drawbacks. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Galligan, Y. Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question. Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. A main aspect of marginalization. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. Phillips, A. Democracy With Adequate Representation. Aldershot: Ashgate. Gender and discourse. The politics of presence. Descriptive Research | A Systematic Search Method Minow, M. (1991). In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. 14 Crucial Pros and Cons of Representative Democracy The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. London: Routledge. Strengths & Weaknesses of Descriptive Research - Synonym The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. Fraser, N. (2013). Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. Founding members of the CBC include John Conyers (D-MI), currently the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives, Charles Rangel (D-NY), and Shirley Chisholm, a founder of the NWPC and the first African American woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. Problems of Descriptive Representation in Dutch Works Councils We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . What is a Descriptive Representative? | PS: Political Science The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. Enter your library card number to sign in. Pearl Necklace for Women, 18K Gold Staion Neckalce Tin Cup Pearl Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Like Mink, many other women sought and won political office, many with the help of the NWPC. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. Vibert, F. (2007). New York: Free Press. Difference Between Descriptive and Substantive Representation Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(1), 119. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. PDF A Study of Strengths and Weaknesses of Descriptive Assessment from - ed It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons - Verint It is an Efficient Form of Government. Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. However, in substantive representation, it is not necessary for the representative to have a similar background or shared characteristics with the people he represents. terminology - What is the difference between descriptive and When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics: How to Analyze Your Data Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent yes. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Cambridge: Polity Press. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. Rallies and protests have emerged from incidents that dealt with racial profiling. Oxford: Polity Press. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Feminism, epistemology and morality. (2005b). She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. Should representatives be typical of their constituents? Given Australia's ethnic diversity, it is agreed by most political and sociological scholars that such diversity is lacking in Australian legislative bodies.1 A point of contention lies in whether MEM representatives are able to actually implement legislation that will represent the views of minorities in their electorate (substantive representation) or whether the number of MEM representatives in legislative bodies is sufficient for representation (descriptive representation).2 In this essay, after discussing the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation, I will argue that both theories are linked because elected minority representatives are often best equipped at dealing with the issues of minorities and that MEM representatives have a positive impact on voters.
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descriptive representation pros and cons